also includes workers and self-educated artisans, especially cigar industry workers and typographers. Puerto Rican revolutionaries collaborate with Cuban leaders such as Jose Marti. They form joint organizations in New York City and publish newspapers advocating independence. Other prominent Puerto Ricans arrive in New York at this time including Arturo Schomburg and Lola Rodriguez del Tio. Schomburg joins a group of artisans to establish “El Club Las Dos Antillas” and later dedicates his life to documenting the African Diaspora.

Rodriguez del Tio joins with other women in “El Club Mercedes Varona” to advance independence for Puerto Rico. She writes revolutionary poetry to inspire the movement and promotes Antillean unity. One of her most famous verses reads, “Cuba y Puerto Rico son de